Description

In a row of dominoes, A[i] and B[i] represent the top and bottom halves of the i-th domino. (A domino is a tile with two numbers from 1 to 6 - one on each half of the tile.)

We may rotate the i-th domino, so that A[i] and B[i] swap values.

Return the minimum number of rotations so that all the values in A are the same, or all the values in B are the same.

If it cannot be done, return -1.

在一排多米诺骨牌中，A[i] 和 B[i] 分别代表第 i 个多米诺骨牌的上半部分和下半部分。（一个多米诺是两个从 1 到 6 的数字同列平铺形成的 —— 该平铺的每一半上都有一个数字。）

我们可以旋转第 i 张多米诺，使得 A[i] 和 B[i] 的值交换。

返回能使 A 中所有值或者 B 中所有值都相同的最小旋转次数。

如果无法做到，返回 -1.

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-domino-rotations-for-equal-row/

Difficulty: medium

Description

Normally, the factorial of a positive integer n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. For example, factorial(10) = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1.

We instead make a clumsy factorial: using the integers in decreasing order, we swap out the multiply operations for a fixed rotation of operations: multiply (*), divide (/), add (+) and subtract (-) in this order.

For example, clumsy(10) = 10 * 9 / 8 + 7 - 6 * 5 / 4 + 3 - 2 * 1. However, these operations are still applied using the usual order of operations of arithmetic: we do all multiplication and division steps before any addition or subtraction steps, and multiplication and division steps are processed left to right.

Additionally, the division that we use is floor division such that 10 * 9 / 8 equals 11. This guarantees the result is an integer.

Implement the clumsy function as defined above: given an integer N, it returns the clumsy factorial of N.

通常，正整数 n 的阶乘是所有小于或等于 n 的正整数的乘积。例如，factorial(10) = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1。

相反，我们设计了一个笨阶乘 clumsy：在整数的递减序列中，我们以一个固定顺序的操作符序列来依次替换原有的乘法操作符：乘法(*)，除法(/)，加法(+)和减法(-)。

例如，clumsy(10) = 10 * 9 / 8 + 7 - 6 * 5 / 4 + 3 - 2 * 1。然而，这些运算仍然使用通常的算术运算顺序：我们在任何加、减步骤之前执行所有的乘法和除法步骤，并且按从左到右处理乘法和除法步骤。

另外，我们使用的除法是地板除法（floor division），所以 10 * 9 / 8 等于 11。这保证结果是一个整数。

实现上面定义的笨函数：给定一个整数 N，它返回 N 的笨阶乘。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/clumsy-factorial/

Difficulty: medium

Description

Given an array A of integers, we must modify the array in the following way: we choose an i and replace A[i] with -A[i], and we repeat this process K times in total. (We may choose the same index i multiple times.)

Return the largest possible sum of the array after modifying it in this way.

给定一个整数数组 A，我们只能用以下方法修改该数组：我们选择某个个索引 i 并将 A[i] 替换为 -A[i]，然后总共重复这个过程 K 次。（我们可以多次选择同一个索引 i。）

以这种方式修改数组后，返回数组可能的最大和。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/maximize-sum-of-array-after-k-negations/

Difficulty: easy

Description

Given an array A of 0s and 1s, we may change up to K values from 0 to 1.
Return the length of the longest (contiguous) subarray that contains only 1s.

给定一个由若干 0 和 1 组成的数组 A，我们最多可以将 K 个值从 0 变成 1 。
返回仅包含 1 的最长（连续）子数组的长度。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/max-consecutive-ones-iii/

Difficulty: medium

Description

We are given that the string "abc" is valid.

From any valid string V, we may split V into two pieces X and Y such that X + Y (X concatenated with Y) is equal to V. (X or Y may be empty.) Then, X + "abc" + Y is also valid.

If for example S = "abc", then examples of valid strings are: "abc", "aabcbc", "abcabc", "abcabcababcc". Examples of invalid strings are: "abccba", "ab", "cababc", "bac".

Return true if and only if the given string S is valid.

给定有效字符串 "abc"。

对于任何有效的字符串 V，我们可以将 V 分成两个部分 X 和 Y，使得 X + Y（X 与 Y 连接）等于 V。（X 或 Y 可以为空。）那么，X + "abc" + Y 也同样是有效的。

例如，如果 S = "abc"，则有效字符串的示例是："abc"，"aabcbc"，"abcabc"，"abcabcababcc"。无效字符串的示例是："abccba"，"ab"，"cababc"，"bac"。

如果给定字符串 S 有效，则返回 true；否则，返回 false。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/check-if-word-is-valid-after-substitutions/

Difficulty: medium

Description

Given an array A of strings made only from lowercase letters, return a list of all characters that show up in all strings within the list (including duplicates). For example, if a character occurs 3 times in all strings but not 4 times, you need to include that character three times in the final answer.
You may return the answer in any order.

给定仅有小写字母组成的字符串数组 A，返回列表中的每个字符串中都显示的全部字符（包括重复字符）组成的列表。例如，如果一个字符在每个字符串中出现 3 次，但不是 4 次，则需要在最终答案中包含该字符 3 次。
你可以按任意顺序返回答案。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/find-common-characters/

Difficulty: easy

Description

There are N piles of stones arranged in a row. The i-th pile has stones[i] stones.
A move consists of merging exactly K consecutive piles into one pile, and the cost of this move is equal to the total number of stones in these K piles.
Find the minimum cost to merge all piles of stones into one pile. If it is impossible, return
-1.

有 N 堆石头排成一排，第 i 堆中有 stones[i] 块石头。
每次移动（move）需要将连续的 K 堆石头合并为一堆，而这个移动的成本为这 K 堆石头的总数。
找出把所有石头合并成一堆的最低成本。如果不可能，返回 -1 。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-cost-to-merge-stones/

Difficulty: hard

Description

On a N x N grid of cells, each cell (x, y) with 0 <= x < N and 0 <= y < N has a lamp.

Initially, some number of lamps are on. lamps[i] tells us the location of the i-th lamp that is on. Each lamp that is on illuminates every square on its x-axis, y-axis, and both diagonals (similar to a Queen in chess).

For the i-th query queries[i] = (x, y), the answer to the query is 1 if the cell (x, y) is illuminated, else 0.

After each query (x, y) [in the order given by queries], we turn off any lamps that are at cell (x, y) or are adjacent 8-directionally (ie., share a corner or edge with cell (x, y).)

Return an array of answers. Each value answer[i] should be equal to the answer of the i-th query queries[i].

在 N x N 的网格上，每个单元格 (x, y) 上都有一盏灯，其中 0 <= x < N 且 0 <= y < N。

最初，一定数量的灯是亮着的。lamps[i] 告诉我们亮着的第 i 盏灯的位置。每盏灯都照亮其所在 x 轴、y 轴和两条对角线上的每个正方形（类似于国际象棋中的皇后）。

对于第 i 次查询 queries[i] = (x, y)，如果单元格 (x, y) 是被照亮的，则查询结果为 1，否则为 0 。

在每个查询 (x, y) 之后 [按照查询的顺序]，我们关闭位于单元格 (x, y) 上或其相邻 8 个方向上（与单元格 (x, y) 共享一个角或边）的任何灯。

返回答案数组 answer。每个值 answer[i] 应等于第 i 次查询 queries[i] 的结果。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/grid-illumination/

Difficulty: hard

Description

On an 8 x 8 chessboard, there is one white rook. There also may be empty squares, white bishops, and black pawns. These are given as characters ‘R’, ‘.’, ‘B’, and ‘p’ respectively. Uppercase characters represent white pieces, and lowercase characters represent black pieces.

The rook moves as in the rules of Chess: it chooses one of four cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south), then moves in that direction until it chooses to stop, reaches the edge of the board, or captures an opposite colored pawn by moving to the same square it occupies. Also, rooks cannot move into the same square as other friendly bishops.

Return the number of pawns the rook can capture in one move.

在一个 8 x 8 的棋盘上，有一个白色车（rook）。也可能有空方块，白色的象（bishop）和黑色的卒（pawn）。它们分别以字符 “R”，“.”，“B” 和 “p” 给出。大写字符表示白棋，小写字符表示黑棋。

车按国际象棋中的规则移动：它选择四个基本方向中的一个（北，东，西和南），然后朝那个方向移动，直到它选择停止、到达棋盘的边缘或移动到同一方格来捕获该方格上颜色相反的卒。另外，车不能与其他友方（白色）象进入同一个方格。

返回车能够在一次移动中捕获到的卒的数量。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/available-captures-for-rook/

Difficulty: easy

Description

We are given the root node of a maximum tree: a tree where every node has a value greater than any other value in its subtree.

Just as in the previous problem, the given tree was constructed from an list A (root = Construct(A)) recursively with the following Construct(A) routine:

• If A is empty, return null.
• Otherwise, let A[i] be the largest element of A. Create a root node with value A[i].
• The left child of root will be Construct([A[0], A[1], ..., A[i-1]])
• The right child of root will be Construct([A[i+1], A[i+2], ..., A[A.length - 1]])
• Return root.

Note that we were not given A directly, only a root node root = Construct(A).

Suppose B is a copy of A with the value val appended to it. It is guaranteed that B has unique values.

Return Construct(B).

最大树定义：一个树，其中每个节点的值都大于其子树中的任何其他值。

给出最大树的根节点 root。

就像之前的问题那样，给定的树是从表 A（root = Construct(A)）递归地使用下述 Construct(A) 例程构造的：

• 如果 A 为空，返回 null
• 否则，令 A[i] 作为 A 的最大元素。创建一个值为 A[i] 的根节点 root
• root 的左子树将被构建为 Construct([A[0], A[1], ..., A[i-1]])
• root 的右子树将被构建为 Construct([A[i+1], A[i+2], ..., A[A.length - 1]])
• 返回 root

请注意，我们没有直接给定 A，只有一个根节点 root = Construct(A).

假设 B 是 A 的副本，并附加值 val。保证 B 中的值是不同的。

返回 Construct(B)。

题目链接：https://leetcode.com/problems/maximum-binary-tree-ii/

Difficulty: medium